Learning Style (PART 2:DISCOVERY LEARNING (DL) )

Discovery Learning

What is Discovery Learning?

• Discovery learning is when students finding or figuring out by themselves.

Purpose of Discovery Learning 

• To get learners to think for themselves
• To help learners discover how knowledge is formulated
• To promoter higher-order thinking

Characteristics of Discovery Learning

• Teachers set a stage for knowledge discovery
• Teachers rewards exploration and independent thought
• Learners accept the challenge of finding out things for themselves
• Learners operate at higher order cognitive levels

4 Forms of Knowledge in Discovery Learning

Concepts: A concept is the name that describes a class of ideas or objects.	Questions that promotes Discovery Learning.
	What, How, Why ???
Facts: A fact is a truth
	e.g. 1. What is a mammal? 2.  How is a baby born? 3.  Why is the snow  flakes white in color?
Generalization: A generalization is an inference. That may not be universally true but is widely supported.
Rules/laws:  A statement that cannot be changed, a principle that governs a particular situation or set of conditions.

Learning Styles (PART 1 : COOPERATIVE LEARNING)

Definition of Learning 

• Learning is acquiring new,or modifying and reinforcing existing.

5 Elements Contribute To Learning

• Knowledge
• Behavior
• Skills
• Values or preferences
• Synthesizing different types of information

What Are Learning Styles?

• Cognitive dimension (auditory vs visual)
• Affective dimension (personality characteristic such as anxiety,expectancy and level of motivation)
• Physiological dimension (includes gender differences,daily rhythms such as morning person vs afternoon person,and "left brained" or "right brained"
• Psychological dimension includes factors such as self-concept,locus of control,and sociability (loner vs group person)

Definition Of Cooperative Learning

• The group members should consist of 4-6 person for an effective result.
• Tasks assigned are collectively learnt or master of which has been previously presented by teacher.
• The teacher who assigned a task should advice the students to work on the task to gether by all members.

4 Forms of Cooperative Learning and Their Characteristic

Student Teams,Achievement Division (STAD)

• Presentation of Information
• Individual quizzes
• Team scoring
• Recognition

Teams Games Tournament (TGT)

• Presentation of information
• Team vs team competition
• Team scoring
• Recognition

Team Assisted Individualization (TAI)

• Proficiency testing of students
• Individual but team assisted study
• Individual student quiz
• Team scoring
• Recognition

Cooperative Integrated Reading And Composition (CIRC)

• Pairs works and teams work
• Individual student
• Quizzes
• Team scoring
• Recognition

5 Elements Of Cooperative Learning

Positive Interdependence⇒Face-to-face Interaction⇒Individual & Group accountability⇒Interpersonal & Small-group skills⇒Group processing

Schools Of Thoughts (PART 3 : HUMANISTIC)

Humanistic

• Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individual's potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization.
• The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good,with mental and social problems resulting from deviations from this natural tendency.
• Humanism focused on fundamentally and uniquely human issues,such as self-identity,death,aloneness,freedom,and meaning.

Humanistic School of Thoughts

• Positive personal development
• Feeling,attitude,values
• Acceptance,respect
• Self-worth
• Character
• Efficacy
• Making choices
• human needs
• Individuality

Humanistic Approaches

• The humanistic approach was distinguish by its emphasis on subjective meaning,rejection of determinism,and concern for positive growth rather than pathology.

Strong Points of Humanistic Psychology

• Emphasizes the role of the individual humanistic psychology gives more credit to the individual in controlling and determining their state of mental health.
• Takes envirionmental influemce into account rather than focusing solely on our internal thoughts and desire,humanistic psychology also credit the environment's influence on our experiences.
• Humanistic psychology continues to influence therapy,education,healthcare,and other areas.

Schools of Thoughts (PART 2:BEHAVIORISM)

Behaviorism

What is Behaviorism?

• The theory of human and animal behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning,without appeal to thoughts and feelings,and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering bahaviour patterns.

2 Types of Conditioning in Behaviorism

• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• OPERANT CONDITIONING

Behavior Modification (BM) by B.F Skinner :

• Molding all children to conform by use of standard punishments and rewards.
• BM techniques suggest that specific rewards and punishments will yields predictable results in the behaviour of children.

What is Classical Conditioning?

What is Operant Conditioning?

Differences between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Schools of Thoughts (PART 1 COGNITIVISM)

Cognitivism

• Cognitive theories look beyond behaviour to explain brain-based learning
• Cognitivist consider how human's memory works to promote learning.

Cognitive Domain 

• Educational objectives in the cognitive domain cause learners to engage in intellectual tasks.For example:to recall,understand,apply,breakdown,combine,or judgement the information.

Bloom's Cognitive Domain

What is Bloom's Taxonomy?

 ~Bloom's is a set of three hierachical models used to classify educational educational learning objective into levels of complexity and specificity.The three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive,affective and sensory domains.The cognitive domain list has been the primary  focus of most traditional education and is frequently used to structure curriculum learning objective,assessment and activities.

Cognitive Domain

Objective Action Verbs

Arts and Science of Pedagogical Competencies

Introduction To Pedagogy In Education

What is Pedagogy ?

• The method,strategies,teaching and practice of teaching,especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept.
• Pedagogy is the art or science of being a teacher.

What is competency?

It is about understanding master the knowledge,skills and attitudes of the individual

Latest Developments in Pedagogy

• Teachers have the responsibility to challenge existing structures,practices,and definitions of knowledge.
• To invent and test new approaches.
• To pursue organizational change in a constant attempt to improve the school.

The Pedagogical Cycle

5 Proposition of Accomplished Teaching

• Teachers are commited to students and their learning
• Teachers know the subjects they teach amd have the necessary pedagogical knowledge
• Teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning
• Teacher think systematically about their practice and learn from experience
• Teacher are members of learning communities

Arts of being Teacher

• Teachers observe and assess students in the context og ongoing classroom
• Teachers are skilled in collecting and interpreting a variety of types of evidence to evaluate where each student is in sequence or continuum of learning and development
• Teachers know how to move from assessment to decisions about curriculum,social support and teaching strategies,to increase the prospects of successful learning.

Reflection :

At the first,I think this topic is little hard to understand it but after En.Yusuf,my lecturer give  the explanation about this topic actually it is not to hard to understand.Furthermore,my classmates help me too much to understand this topic.